Drug Testing in Sport
RESEARCH PROPOSAL
By Andrew Pirie
Sports Performance II
2004, International Pacific College
Topic – Drug Testing in Sport:
Objective:
I would like to find out if drug testing in sport is effective and how it is carried out. What type of drugs can be detected and are new drugs being developed that cant be detected. What are the long and short term effects do these have on Athletes
Subheadings:
- How long do drugs stay in the system?
- How are drugs detected? What Methods are used?
- How difficult is it to detect performance-enhancing drugs, and what new drugs are difficult to detect?
- How expensive is it to drug test an athlete?
- What are the long and short term effects of athletes who take performance enhancing drugs?
- If an athlete takes a drug that stays in the body which is legal at the time. And the drug is banned 6 months after he has taken it? Can he /she still be tested positive as it was not banned at the start of his consumption?
Drugs Dealt With:
- EPO
- Anabolic Steroids
- Human Growth Hormone
- THG – Designer Drugs
Contents
3.
- Introduction – The Objective of My Research
4.
- Long and Short Term effects of Drug Users in Sport.
- Diagram of effects on steroid users.
6.
- How common are performance enhancing drugs
- List of Performance enhancing drugs
- How long do drugs stay in the system?
- How long can they be detected.
- How are drugs detected?
- How difficult is it to detect drugs?
11.
- Do politics, commercialisation, sponsorship and marketability affect the punishment of athletes who use performance enhancing drugs?
12.
- How are Drugs Detected?
- How difficult is it to detect performance enhancing drugs and what new drugs are difficult to detect?
- Bibliography
- Appendix on Drug Testing in Sport Procedures in Australia
20.
- Conclusion
Introduction
The Objective of my Research was to find out
- If drug testing in sport is effective and how it is carried out?
- What type of drugs can be detected and whether new drugs are being developed that are more difficult to detect?
- What the long and short term effects are on athletes?
The Head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) Dick Pound, states in his book ‘Inside the Olympics: A Behind look at the scenes Look at the Politics, the Scandals and the Glory of the Games’. There are two important issues to consider when looking at the doping controversy in today’s sport.
Olympic Committee member Dick Pound Head of the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA)
Firstly it harms the athletes. And secondly it is against the spirit of sport. Because cheating destroys the mystical quality that gives sport its appeal. Furthermore many examples haunt sporting history. As a result these scandals rewrite the record books and return medals and trophies won unfairly. As a result this essay will examine more the physical effects on athletes and the methods used in drug testing in sport.
American President George Bush made his message clear:
Get tough and get rid of drugs in sport.
What are the long and short term effects of athletes who take performance-? Enhancing drugs?
Due to the oxygen storage blood boosting of EPO. A cyclist suffers a heart attack. While a drug-expanded body-builder becomes deeply depressed. (This is an extreme example).
Consequently in East Germany, drugs caused gender bending. While Drugs were given too many athletes without their knowledge. And any concern for consequences after the medals were won. Most noteworthy, is one well known case with the then female now male East German shot-putter ‘Hormone Heidi’
Yet Athletes quite frequently do similar physiological activities. Consequently that have the same effects as performance-enhancing drugs and blood-doping agents. Since they train at high altitude, spending long hours there. In addition David Beckham did this to accelerate the rapid healing of a broken leg before the 2002 soccer World Cup. If drugs have the same effects as activities which are totally legal and frequently practiced by athletes, what makes them any different?
Also statistics show many people take drugs as a short cut to avoid difficult and rigorous training.
Taking Steroids can lead to
How Common are Steroids?
While it is estimated that 6% of men and 1.4% of women in gyms in the USA regularly use steroids. Hence even more concerning is the use of drugs by children who don’t know how to use them properly. And who are still developing physically and mentally. Therefore it is estimated 2.5% of 13-14 year olds in the USA, use steroids.
Especially relevant a programme called “Start clean” has begun in the USA to stop kids using steroids. While presumably this means if drugs are so accessible not only the public but children can obtain them. Also it goes without saying that a lot of companies are seeing sport and higher paid professional athletes as a potential target market.
List of Performance Enhancing Drugs?
- Anabolic Steroids (pills, tablets, intramuscularly injected , steam)
- Taken in stack combo different types of steroids.
- Testosterone
- (HGH) Human Growth Hormone
- Designer Drugs
- EPO
- THG (Tetrahydrogestine)
- Gene-Altering Drugs (coming soon)
How Long Do Drugs stay in the System?
Drugs stay in the system anywhere between three months to a year depending on the dosage that has been taken. While the length of time that steroids stay in the body varies. As a result Injected steroids may be detected in the body for 3 to 4 months. While the oral types may remain for 1 to 4 weeks. While the most popular substances like nandrolone (deca, testosterone) can detected for one year usually. Also injectable testosterone usually is Between 3-6 months..
How long drugs can be detected in the system.
Most noteworthy these detection times were taken from different sources. While this table if for informational purposes only. This website will not be held responsible if you are caught on a drug test. Therfore this isn’t medical advice. Hence only information gathered from various sources
Drug Testing of Middle Schoolers
- Nandrolone deaconate
18 months
- Nandrolone phenyl propionate
12 months
—————————————-
- Boldenone undecyclate
- metehenolone enanthate
- trenbolone
- trenbolone acetate
- Injectable methandienone
5 months
—————————————-
- Testosterone-mix (Sustanon & Omnadren)
- Testosterone enanthate
- Testosterone cypionate
3 months
—————————————-
- Oxymetholone
- Fluoxymesterone
- injectable stanozolol
- formebolone
- drostanolone propionate
2 months
—————————————-
- methandienone
- mesterolone
- Ethylestrenol
- Norethandrolone
3 weeks
—————————————-
- Oxandrolone
- Oral stanozolol
3 weeks
—————————————-
- Testosterone propionate
2 weeks
—————————————-
- Testosterone undecanoate
1 week
—————————————-
- clenbuterol
4 days
—————————————-
http://www.google.co.nz/search?q=cache:31vgy9AY5KoJ:www.steroidtips.com/detection.htm+How+long+do+steroids+stay+in+the+system&hl=en, How Long do steroids stay detectable in your system, Date accessed November 27, 2004.
Drug Testing in Sport : How are Drugs Detected?
Most noteworthy In the 1970s a new method in detecting steroids was developed known as Chromatography. The blood and urine sample is analysed for any unusual material. While the difficulty is that this method takes several days sometimes weeks to analyse the sample. And by the time the results come through the medals have already been awarded to the athletes.
How difficult is it to detect performance enhancing drugs and what new drugs are difficult to detect?
Especially relevant a new drug that alters genes is being invented which is impossible to detect. While It is designed to rebuild muscles from muscle-wasting diseases. And could be used by athletes to generate muscles and allow extreme rapid muscle growth. Therefore Gene Altering Drugs will be almost impossible to detect as no traces of it are in the blood and urine. Also their is drug resistant staph skin infections.
Do politics, commercialisation, sponsorship and marketability affect the punishment of athletes who use performance enhancing drugs?
British Tennis star Greg Rudeski escaped a drug ban in 2004 for Nandralone. Because he had tested positive for Nandralone. As a result the tennis star argued he had taken the steroid without his own knowledge. And that his sports drink has been spiked by officials of the ATP (Association of Tennis Professionals).
Furthermore in June 2003, a syringe containing hitherto unknown & undetectable tetrahydrogestrinome (THG) was sent to the American anti-doping agency ( USADA) by a disaffected coach.
Also THG was a widespread drug made by BALCO (The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative), as a ‘nutritional’ supplement.
Most noteworthy its clients Included 100m world record holder Tim Montgomery. (soon to be stripped of his world record (9.78) and facing a lifetime ban from Track and Field, his record going back to Maurice Greene). And had he qualified for the USA Olympic team it would have caused embarrassment for USA Track and Field. As Montgomery was at the time soon to be put on trial for the biggest performance-enhancing drugs trials in sporting history.
While Montgomery’s partner 2000 Olympic Women’s 100m Champion Marion Jones was allowed to compete at the Olympics. Even though she faced a similar accusation having had the same coach,Trevor Graham. Graham is believed to have been doping up his athletes. While CJ Hunter Jones’ former husband admitted they both took drugs together before Sydney. And he even injected his ex-wife consensually with steroids. Former shot-putt champion Hunter was banned for using steroids.
As a result it appears athletes face different punishments for political reasons relating to the sport organizations. Consequently, in particular, USA Track and Field was glad that Tim Montgomery who had already tested positive for steroids three times. (the legal amount of times you may test positive for drugs according to the IAAF). Had not qualified for the Olympic Games. As mentioned before he was on trial.
While USA Track and Field included Marion Jones for the Olympics. Yet she had avoided being tested and luckily for them she only finished 5th. Especially relevant after her performance at the Olympic trials she was unlikely to gain a gold medal at the Olympics in Athens 2004. Hence she did not gain a medal of any colour not even a bronze. Therfore the US Olympic committee could breathe a sigh of relief. In conclusion, they had to include her in the line up to reduce the controversy of all there athletes being on drugs.
Also tested positive in the largest doping bust in sports history were Barry Bonds.(Baseball record holder for most runs in a season), Shane Moseley (Former World Boxing Champion). And several members of the Oakland Raiders AFL Team.
In conclusion BALCO Boss Victor Conte is now being accused of laundering money and trafficking illegal drugs.
How expensive is it to drug test?
It cost about $280 US to buy a drug testing in sport kit for each athlete at the Asian Track and Field Championships in Manila 2003. Almost 40 kits were purchased and athletes were tested randomly. In conclusion this is unreliable. I think all athletes should be tested before the competition. Therefore drug cheats can be caught before they are awarded medals. And cannot escape the drug test.
Juan Antonio Samaranch. The President of IOC, once advocated legalisation of non- harmful performance-enhancing drugs. Which caused outrage amongst the global sporting community. While he did this in order for the IAAF to save money. Hence claimed it was a way of more easily solving the problem of drug cheats. While not being concerned about the unfair advantage it would give them over clean athletes. And instead worry about there own well being.
If an athlete takes a drug that stays in the body which is legal at the time and the drug is banned six months after s/he has taken it can s/he still be tested positive as it was not banned at the start of his consumption?
Drug Testing in Sport
Major sporting organisations such as the IOC (International Olympic Committee) and IAAF (International Amateur Athletics Federation) takes this factor into account. And advises the athletes to stop taking the substances from when they are banned. Hence judging by the table above the athlete is given a set amount of time to be cleaned from the drug. Therefore he/she is still competing with a performance enhancing drug that was legal. And continues to be legal for him/her alone until the drug runs dry from their system.
CONCLUSION
Drug testing in sport is developing but so are the athletes. Most noteworthy like viruses and diseases develop to overcome and become immune to medicine. As a result its quite alarming the fact that companies such as ‘BALCO Labs’ are aiming to make money off athletes. And develop ways to overcome drug tests. Hence new drugs are being developed. While athletes who take these new drugs will not be detected. Until testers can develop ways to monitor for these new designer drugs.
Gene doping could become almost impossible to detect. Hence in the long run I think drug testing in sport is a good way to keep the sport clean. While some drugs only do harm to the athletes in the long term. And a lot of performances enhancing drugs are so new we don’t even know what the long terms effects of them on athletes.
Also the image of sport as a clean sport must be preserved anyway possible. Therefore it is an unfair advantage. As a result similar to having an unlimited amount of money on the stock market. Hence it will just dissuade other athletes to be on drugs aswell. Because other athleteswill train hard and never get as near to the athletes who still train hard but also take drugs. (athletes who take drugs still need to train just as hard, and drugs enable them to train harder).
Bibliography
Books:
Blundell, N., MacKay, D. (1999). The History of the Olympics. China. PRC Publishing Ltd.
Connelly, S. (2000), Need to Know Steroids. Oxford: Heinemann Library.
Magazines:
Cohen, D. (2004 August 14). Drugs in Sports: cheating is easier than you think. New Scientist, p. 3,6-7.
Sweeney, H.L. (2004 July) Gene Doping: Will Gene Doping Change the Nature of Sport?, Scientific American, p. 37 - 43
2004 August 7-13). Sports and Drugs: Drugs and the Olympics The Economist, p. 11,22-24
Computer Software:
(1997) International Athletics [Computer Software] TLC Properties
(IAS644AU-CD)
(2002) Microsoft Encarta 2002 [Computer Software] Microsoft. Drugs.
Websites:
www.google.com, search engine (mainly for images)
http://www.asda.org.au/athletes/testing.htm, Australian Drug Agency
http://www.drugsinsport.net/, Drugs in Sports
http://www.freevibe.com/drug_facts/steroids.asp, Facts on Steroids
http://www.google.co.nz/search?q=cache:oErT0_cESQgJ:www.nsb.com/whatsnew.asp%3Fi_newsid%3D386+dick+pound+book&hl=en, Dick Pounds Book
APPENDIX I - DRUG TESTING IN SPORT PROCEDURE IN AUSTRALIA
http://www.asda.org.au/athletes/testing.htm, Australian Drug Agency, date accessed November 20, 2004.
Below is the procedure of Drug Testing in Australian Sports.
The method of sample collection may vary with the type of collection (urine or blood), different drug testing in sport authorities, for athletes with disabilities and for athletes who are drug tested overseas.
The drug testing in sport procedures detailed in this handbook are in-line with the World Anti-Doping Code and constitute minimum standards.
Drug testing in sport to detect a prohibited substance or the use of a prohibited method consists of:
- sample collection conducted by an anti-doping organisation such as ASDA
- sample analysis conducted by an accredited laboratory such as the Australian Sports Drug Testing Laboratory (ASDTL).
Please note that while ASDA is the primary anti-doping authority in Australia there are other organisations able to carry out drug testing in sport domestically and internationally such as:
- the World Anti-Doping Agency
- International Sports Federations
- National Anti-DopingOrganisations (similar to ASDA).
Sample collection steps: urine and blood
- Selection
Athletes can be selected for a drug test, any time, anywhere.
- Notification
A Drug Control Official will notify an athlete of their selection for a drug test:
- in person (at any time)
- by telephone (out-of-competition)
- by written notice (out-of-competition)
- by a third party*.
Athletes may have a representative accompany them during the drug test. ASDA strongly advises athletes to have a representative accompany them for a blood test. The representative will witness the blood collection procedure but will not witness the passing of a urine sample.
The relevant sports federation will be notified if an athlete fails to comply with a request to provide a sample without reasonable cause. The relevant sports federation’s anti-doping rules will apply.
Drug Control officials notify athletes of their selection for a drug test.
*Third party notifications
In ASDA’s drug testing in sport program, athletes are occasionally notified that they have been selected for drug testing in sport via, or in tandem with, a third party (an individual involved with the athlete).
Third party notification can occur when an athlete:
- is under the age of 18
- will potentially fail to comply with a request for a sample
- is uncontactable
- is intellectually disabled.
Athletes and their support personnel (coaches, parents etc) must be aware that third party notifications can occur and what the responsibilities of third parties are.
What if the athlete is intellectually disabled?
The ASDA Drug Control Official will
- notify an athlete of their selection for a drug test in the first instance.
- The information provided to the athlete is then recommunicated to the third party.
- The third party is then required to accompany the athlete to the testing facility.
What if the athlete is uncontactable or potentially failing to comply?
ASDA regulations permit the Agency to make contact with a third party to assist in locating/notifying an athlete if, after reasonable attempts, the athlete is uncontactable.
The third party should either be related or a close associate of the athlete.
The Drug Control Official informs the third party of all notification details including the third party’s responsibility to comply. The Drug Control Official informs the third party of consequences of failing to comply with an agency request.
If the third party attempts to hinder the notification process or is obstructive, the agency can inform the Australian Sports Commission.
What if the athlete is under 18 years of age?
The Drug Control Official will notify a third party of the athlete’s test selection and of the athlete’s rights and responsibilities.
If notifying an athlete by telephone it may be necessary to notify the parent or guardian directly in the first instance.
The third party is required to accompany the athlete to the testing facility.
What will an ASDA officer say to a third party?
The Drug Control Official will
- provide their name and role.
- Inform him or her that the athlete is selected for a drug test.
- Negotiate the proposed time and location of the test.
- Outline the possible consequences of failing to comply with the request.
Your relevant sporting organisation includes any sporting organisation of which you are a member including your state, national or international sporting organisation, any government agency which provides you with support (eg the Australian Sports Commission, state institutes or academies), the Australian Olympic Committee - if you are a member of an Olympic sport - and the Australian Commonwealth Games Assoication (ACGA) - if you are a member of an ACGA team.
- Presenting for a drug test
Athletes may ask the Drug Control Official for information on the drug testing process. The Drug Control Official and a person qualified to take blood samples (phlebotomist) will provide athletes with information about the blood collection procedure.
- The Drug Control Official will record all athlete details on a notification form.
- The athlete will sign the form and be given a copy for their records.
- Athletes will be given the opportunity to hydrate.
- Athletes have the opportunity to hydrate before providing a sample.
- Providing a sample
- Athletes will be asked to select a beaker for urine testing and blood collection equipment for blood testing.
- Athletes will provide a urine sample* in the presence of a chaperon who is the same gender as the athlete.
- Athletes will provide a blood sample, collected by the phlebotomist, in the presence of a Drug Control Official and, if applicable, the athlete representative.
- Athletes are responsible for controlling their sample (urine and/or blood) until it is sealed in a sample collection kit.
- After collecting a blood sample (in full view of the athlete, the athlete representative and the Drug Control Official) the phlebotomist will remove the blood collection equipment from the athlete’s body, thereby sealing the collection equipment containers. The athlete is then responsible for controlling the sample until it is sealed in a sample collection kit.
*Insufficient sample: if an athlete provides an insufficient sample (e.g. less than the required volume) he or she is required to provide an additional sample in accordance with the procedures outlined above.
Athletes with disabilities
The method of collecting a urine or blood sample may vary, depending on the disability of the athlete. ASDA is aware of the special needs of athletes with disabilities and will make sure that sample collection procedures meet these needs.
In appropriate situations assistance during the sample collection procedure will be made available to those athletes who request it.
Athletes with external collection systems (e.g. leg bags) will need to discard any urine that is already in the external collecting system.
A chaperone of the same gender as the athlete will witness the passing of a urine sample.
- Blood testing equipment
- Taking a blood sample
- Choosing secure containers
Athletes will be asked to select a sample collection kit, consisting of ‘A’ and ‘B’ labelled containers, which will hold, identify and secure their urine sample.
Athletes will be asked to select a sample collection kit, consisting of containers labelled Part ‘1’ and Part ‘2’ which will hold, identify and secure their blood sample.
The athlete will select containers that hold, identify and secure their sample(s).
- Splitting, sealing and labelling of samples
- The athlete will pour a measured amount of urine sample into each of the ‘A’ and ‘B’ labelled containers.
- The athlete will place and secure their blood test sample collection equipment (tubes) in the sample collection kit. Part ‘1’ of the blood sample will be sealed in container labelled Part ‘1’ and Part ‘2’ of the blood sample will be sealed in the container labelled Part ‘2’.
- The athlete will then place the samples within the sample collection kit’s foam containers for transportation.
- The sample collection kit will be identified and recorded on the drug testing form.
- Blood samples are sealed into labelled containers
- Athletes pour urine samples into labelled secure containers
- Checking pH and concentration of samples
The Drug Control Official will check the acidity and concentration of an athlete’s urine sample to ensure it is suitable for analysis. If it is not, the athlete may be asked to provide another sample.
- Checking pH and concentration is not required for blood samples.
- The Drug Control Official will test the pH of the sample to ensure it is suitable for analysis.
- Final paperwork
- Athletes should disclose and record at the time of testing any medications, vitamins, herbal products, food supplements or other substances that they have recently taken, orally or otherwise.
- Athletes will be asked to provide further personal information including contact details so that they can be contacted regarding the results of their drug test.
- The athlete will be asked to check all the information on the drug testing form to ensure it is correct.
- The athlete will then sign the form.
- The Drug Control Official and the athlete representative, if any, will also sign the form for a urine test.
- The phlebotomist must also sign the form for a blood test.
- The athlete will be provided a copy of the form.
The Drug Control Official, chaperone, athlete, phlebotomist (if relevant) and athlete representative (if any) complete the final paperwork.
- Security of samples
The athlete’s secure sample and drug testing form (which contains only information about the sample, medications and security seals) will be sent to an accredited laboratory such as ASDTL.
The athlete will not be identified to the laboratory.
- Analytical procedure
The laboratory will analyse part ‘A’ of an athlete’s urine sample for the presence of prohibited substances or doping methods.
If part ‘A’ of a urine sample returns a positive test result the athlete has the right to have part ‘B’ of their urine sample analysed to confirm the positive test result.
The laboratory will analyse Part ‘1’ and Part ‘2’ of an athlete’s blood sample for indicators of prohibited drugs or doping methods.
- Results of analysis
Athletes that choose the relevant option on the drug testing paperwork will be notified of a negative test result in writing.
Athletes that record a positive test result will be automatically notified in writing.
Appendix II - Notes
The Economist:
Doping in Sport before 1936
- Boxers, cyclists, swimmers and others used drugs
- Alcohol, strychnine, cocaine & sundry other substances to ease pain and give them the edge
- Cycling Arthur Linton first sports man die performance enhancing drugs 1896 Athens Olympics
- 1860s drugs in sports
- swimmers American canal races doped using various drugs alcohol and strychnine used to ease pain in early bare knuckle boxing matches
- Ben Johnson using drugs showed it was only strict Communist regimes such as China and East Germany using drugs.
- Tetrahydrogestrinone by clients BALCO (Dietary supplements firm in California)
- Steroids non-Olympics sports such as US Baseball
- Doping condemned – love media scandal to bring down a hero
WADA (World Anti Doping Agency) Dick Pound
- Harms athletes unnecessarily
- Against the spirit of sport, cheating destroys mystical quality gives sport its special appeal
- Scandals rewrite the record books, return medals and trophies won unfairly
- Cyclists suffer heart attacks because of oxygen storage boosting by the blood thickening steroid EPO
- Drug expanded body builder’s deeply depressed (isolated examples)
- Drugs in East Germany caused gender bending. Given to athletes with out their knowledge and any concern for consequences after medal was won. then female now male shot-putter east German ‘hormone heidi’
- Use of steroids by children who don’t know to use them properly. 2.5% 13-14 year olds in sports in us used steroids
- 12-17 year olds “Start Clean” programme stop kids using steroids
- Athletes do similar physiological activities which have the same effects as steroids. They train at high altitude.
- Spending long hours altitude
- David Beckham did this to accelerate healing of a broken before the 2002 world cup.
Juan Antonio Samaranch head of IOC, once advocated legalization of non harmful performance enhancing drugs, which caused outrage.
Even farther?, Even faster? Even Higher?
In June 2003, syringe containing hitherto unknown & undetectable tetrahydrogestrinome (THG) sent to American anti-doping agency ( USADA) by a disaffected coach.
THG widespread drug made by BALCO (The Bay Area Laboratory Co-operative), as a ‘nutritional’ supplement. Including the world champion in 100m Tim Montgomery (trial to be stripped of his world record and faces a life time ban ,record will go back to Mo Greene) had he won the 100m been embarrassment for USA Track and Field.
- Marion Jones Olympics women’s `100m champ aloud to compete Olympics.
- Different athletes face different punishments
- CJ Hunter Jones’ former husband admitted they both took drugs together before Sydney
Athletes are tested during comp not b4 tests results told after comp is through and medals have already been awarded.
Tested positive:
- Shame Moseley – former world boxing champ
- Several members of Oakland Raiders AFL Team.
- Barry Bonds (baseball record holder most home runs in a season)
Banned
- Dwaine Chambers top British Sprinter
Victor Conte BALCO Boss
Accused of supplying illegal drugs and laundering money
Even gentleman’s sport of cricket Shane Warne banned taking drugs for a year to mask a bigger drug being taken
Rio Ferdinand (English soccer top defender) banned for 8 months for failing to turn up to a drug test
Greg Rusedski another Briton escaped a ban in 2004. Despite testing positive for Nandrolone. Tennis star argued taken steroid without his knowledge by officials of Association of Tennis professionals (ATP)
Michael Johnson may have to return a gold medal because a member of his 4×4 team accused of drug taking.
Different punishments
Anastasiya Kapachinskasa (Russia) had give back world indoor 200 gold failing a drug tests handed previous years 200m gold after Kelli White who beat her was banned for taking performance enhancing drugs.
George Bush ‘Get tough and get ride of steroids in sports’
Victorians formalised rules of many sports played today imposing order on what was then chaotic.
Mr Pound ‘Inside the olympics (Wiley) sees sport and the Olympic movement as providing young people with the ‘ethical platform’ they need to guide them in a ‘world that has lost its ethical path’
*Need to Know Steroids
1988 Olympics Ben Johnson - Anabolic Steroids. b4 Johnson people thought the problem was confined to people interested in building up their muscles. (eg. Wrestlers, body builders and weight lifters.)
- young people limit growth
- serious illness
- premature death
related to testosterone
- deepening voice
- -ncreased growth muscle tissue
- every human steroid leads to androgenic results, masculinity side affects.
- Pharmecutical companies try to produce sterioids only anabolic and not androgenic.
- steroid - physical/psychological dependency/withdrawl
- after effects -irritability/depression
- -atigue/loss of appetite/ sleeplessness/headaches
- used for 4 decades anabolic steroids
- Roids ->pills and tablets, intramuscular injection, steam
- stack - combo of steroids
- pyramiding - increase doses in cycles.
- (by end of cycle some users take upto 10x the medical recomended amounts)
effects
- men -decrease naturally produced testosterone
- shrinking of testicles
- reduced sperm count
- acne
- bad breath
- swolen feet
Related articles
Interim Report: Drugs in Sport
Drugs in Sport
PRACTICUM/PROJECT/RESEARCH:
INTERIM REPORT:
DRUGS IN SPORT:
1-2 PAGE SUMMARY
BY ANDREW PIRIE
SUBMITTED TO ALISON RHODES ROBINSON
- Cover Page
- Cartoon
Objectives of Research?
- I would like to find out if drug testing in sports is effective and how it is carried out.
- What type of drugs can be detected and are new drugs being developed that cant be detected.
- What are the long and short term effects do these have on Athletes
Research Questions
- How long do drugs stay in the system?
- How are drugs detected? What Methods are used?
- How difficult is it to detect performance-enhancing drugs, and what new drugs are difficult to detect?
- How expensive is it to drug test an athlete?
- What are the long and short term effects of athletes who take performance enhancing drugs?
Thoughts to Ponder?
- ?If an athlete takes a drug that stays in the body which is legal at the time. And the drug is banned 6 months after he has taken it? Can he /she still be tested positive as it was not banned at the start of his consumption.
- Does Politics, Commercialization, sponsorship and marketability effect the punishment of athletes who use performance enhancing drugs
- Athletes gain similar benefits from activities which have similar physiological effects to performance enhancing drugs such as altitude training
List of Performance Enhancing Drugs?
- Anabolic Steroids (pills, tablets, intramuscularly injected , steam)
- Taken in stack combo different types of steroids.
- Testoterone
- (HGH) Human Growth Hormone
- Designer Drugs
- EPO
- THG (Tetrahydrogestine)
- Gene Altering Drugs (coming soon)
How Long Do Drugs stay in the System?
Anywhere between 3 months to a year. Depending on the dosage taken.
How are Drugs Detected?
- 1970’s Chromatography New Method Detecting Steroids
- Blood and Urine sample analyzed for any unusual material take days.
How difficult is it to detect performance enhancing drugs?, and what new drugs are difficult to detect?
- Estimated 6% men and 1.4% women in gyms in US use steroids
- A new drug that alters genes is being invented which is impossible to detect. Designed to rebuild muscles from muscle wasting diseases but could be used by athletes to generate muscles.
- Gene Altering Drugs will be almost impossible to be detected
How expensive is it to drug test?
- It costs about $20 US to buy a drug testing kit for each athlete at the Asian Track and Field Championships. 40 kits were purchased and Athletes were tested randomly
What are the long and short term effects of athletes who take performance enhancing drugs?
Bibliography
Thank you
More from my site
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IAAF Coaches Education & Certification System- The Complete Book of the Olympics: 2012 Edition
Only three Filipino Track and Field ever make the Current Olympic Standards (rev 1)- Zamboanga Del Sur Program Problems Part 1-4
- The Importance of Recovery (rev 1)
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